SELF FEEDING DAIRY COWS 



BY 



LU SCHOLFIELD HOLLER 



THESIS 



FOR THE 

DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE 



IN 



AGRICULTURE 



COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE 

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 



1922 



Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2015 



https://archive.org/details/selffeedingdairyOOholl 



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ACKNOWLEDGMENT 



The author wishes to taJce this opportunity to 
express his appreciation for the suggestions and supervision 
he has received from Professor W. W. Yapp and the several 
other members of the Production Division of the Department 



of Dairy Husbandry 









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TABLE OF CONTENTS 



I. INTRODUCTION 

II. OBJECT 

III. EQUIPMENT 

IV. COWS USED AND METHOD OF PROCEDURE 

V. RESULTS; 

A. The Effect of Self Feeding on Dairy Cows. 

B. The Palatability and Variation in Daily 
Consumption of Feed# 

C. A Comparison between the Net Energy in the Feeds 
Consumed and that Required for Maintenance ajid 
Milk Production. 

VI . CONCLUSION 

VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY 



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I. INTRODUCTION 



A survey of the literature on self feeding seems to indicate 
that the first reported use of this method of feeding was in the case of 
Mr. F. E. Drviry (1), 1889. The incidents relating to the building of this, 
the first, self feeder are especially interesting and worthy of note. Although 
Mr. Drury had been connected with his father's feeding operations for many 
years, this was his first private enterprise. With a limited amovint of 
capital and a low market price for his products, it was necessary for him to 
eliminate all possible expense. In order to accomplish this he endeavored 
to use discarded wind-mill fans in the construction of a corn bin. 

It so happened that he placed two of the fans together with the 
small ends of the V down, and thus discovered that he could make the ends 
for a V-shaped bin from the fan blades. While constructing the bin, Mr. 

Drury decided that by leaving a small opening along the bottom of the bin 
the corn would automatically run out as it was consumed by the hogs. The 
V-shaped bin was placed over a trough for the corn to feed into, and the 
first self feeder was built. 

This method of feeding proved to be very successful and 15r. Drviry, 
as well as his neighbors, have employed it to the present time in their feed- 
ing operations. He does not state specifically the economy of this method 
of feeding, but infers that it was more economical than the hand feeding 
method of his father's. 

While visiting on the Drury farm, Prof.Eward (2) of the Iowa 
Experiment Station saw the self feeder in operation. Upon his return to the 
station he constructed a similar feeder, and began the first of his self 
feeding experiments. From that time until the present he has conducted 










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numerous experiments, and written a number of articles on the self feeder 
for hogs* It is thru Prof .Eward's efforts that the self feeder became 
so prominent in hog feeding operations. 

Two other experiment stations have been among the pioneers in this 
field. They are the University of Illinois, and the University of Missouri. 
Many of the experiment stations in the United States have done more or less 
work with the self feeder for hogs. Both satisfactory and \msatisfactory 
results have been obtained* This discrepancy appears to be due for the most ^ 
part to the feeds used, the class of hogs fed, and existing labor conditions. 

As early as 1906 the self feeder was used in connection with a 
short fed steer experiment at the University of Illinois(3). In these I 

trials self feeding proved to be slightly more satisfactory than hand feed- 
ing* The steers appeared to eat from the self feeder with remarkable j 

regularity and after becoming accustomed thereto did not overeat. 

In commenting on the self feeder for beef production. Prof* 

Mumford (4) states that the grain requirement per pound gain is slightly 
greater with the self feeder than with the hand feeding method. However, 1 
he further states that the difference is not great enough to condemn the 
use of this method. He further states that by mixing the grain with the 
roughage at the first of the feeding period, and then gradually cutting 
down the roughage the cattle may be placed on the self feeder from the | 

very beginning. | 

Although beef cattle were among the first animals to be fed on I 
the self feeder and some of our most prominent feeders (5,6) have used this 
method, data and literature on the subject are not obtainable. 

Poultry breeders have employed this method rather extensively in 
their feeding operations* The success of it is readily shown by its 









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The field of self feeding among horse breeders seems not to have 
been entered. Mules have been fed by this method for many years. It has 
been employed in construction camps and mule markets with favorable success. 
The mule shows unusual ability in the selection of his diet. 

Lambs (7,8,9) are the only class of sheep that have been self fed. 
This method has not proved satisfactory as it has increased the feed con- 
sumed per pound gain. The death rate is also increased, and the individual 
appetites require special attention. Furthermore, sheep do not like feed 
that has been eaten over or "blown on" as the term is used by shepherds. 
Consequently, this method has not been adopted by the sheep breeder or feeder. 

Turning now to dairy cattle. Here again very little experimental 
and no practical work has been done# Calf feeding by the means of the self 
feeder has been tried at several stations. Only one experiment has been 
conducted with cows# 

Mr. McCandlish (10) working at the Iowa station with three 
calves, age 30, 37 and 70 days respectively, found that the calves did not 
tend to fatten, but remained in good growing condition thruout the coxurse 
of the experiment# They consvaned a much narrower ration than expected, the 
nutritive ratio being 1 : 3 7 ^ instead of 1 : 4^ as was anticipated# Mr. 
McCandlish states that the feed per 100 pounds live weight was relatively 
low - 2.37 pounds grain for 1.5 poxinds gain# The calves showed a prefer- 
ence for shelled corn over cracked corn, and whole oats over ground oats# 

They practically ignored hominy and gluten meal, but ate well of bran and 
oil meal# The oil meal consumption was slightly too heavy# In conclusion 
the author states that he believes the appetite is an in^ortant factor in 
supplying the physiological needs of an animal# 



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W. B. Nevens (11) reporting from the Nebraska station upon calf 

feeding found that calves from birth to six months of age ate large amoxints of 

hay and grain, and made rapid gains. The calves did not attain an vindesirable 

fleshiness in spite of the large amount of grain consumed, but toy/ard the end 

of the experiment showed a slight tendency to fatten. The calves gave no 

evidence of digestive trouble ajid were in the best of health and vigor at all 

times. The self fed calves attained a larger frame and weighed more than the 

hand fed calves. The gains reported are as follows; 

1 pound gain on self fed lot for every 2.43-2.69 pounds gain 
1 '• » '• hand " " " '• 2.47 ” " 

The average on the self fed calves showed a gain of 1.93 to 2.34 pounds daily, 

while ordinarily 1.0 to 1.5 pounds are considered good gains. 

At the University of Illinois (12) the self feeder has been used 
in the "Preservation and Cost of Raising Dairy Heifer Calves". Hulce reports 
that the calves liked the soft feeds, and those that were high in protein. On 
free choice in the self feeder the calves showed preference for feeds in the 
following order: Oil Meal, Corn and Oats. Alfalfa hay was the preferred 

roughage. The gains made were reported as satisfactory. Most of the experi- 
ments extended from birth until three months of age. In these, the calves 
remained in good condition, and no detrimental effects were noticeable. In a 
few cases the experiments were carried on after the calves reached three months 
of age. In this work he reported that self feeding is not economical due to 
the excessive amovints of feed consumed and in some cases the calves developed 
a rheumatic condition which was thought to be caused by the excessive consximp- 
tion of grain. 

As previously stated, only one experiment has been conducted on the 
self feeding of dairy cows. This work was carried on by Hunt of the Virginia 
Polytechnic Institute, Agricultural Experiment Station (13). The following 









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5. 

summary of the work will give an idea of the methods employed and results 
obtained* 

Four cows - two Jerseys and tv/o Holsteins- were used in conducting 
the experiment. The cows were not entirely self fed as they were given a 
regular grain ration in the morning and then turned into a lot where they had 
access to a self feeder. In this feeder the cows had free choice of corn meal, 
wheat bran, cottonseed meal, peanut meal, linseed meal, silage and hay. Due to 
the method employed of allowing all the cows to eat from one feeder the results 
were averaged for the four cows. The milk records were also presented as an 
average of the four cows. The average of the grain consumed was 17.3 pounds 
per day. The average milk production 7?as 25.6 pounds of 4.18^ milk, or 1«46^ 
milk for each pound of grain consumed . 

The author states that the decline of each cow in milk production 
during the experiment would be naturally expected with advance in the lactation 
period. He also points out that the cows were in good health throughout the 
experiment and that they did not appear to gorge. In his conclusion the author 
makes the following statements: 

1. The method was very xmeconomical . 

2. A good method to compare palatability of feeds. 

3. The longer the cows remained on the experiment the greater 

the consumption of concentrates within certain limits* 

From the foreging summary of the experimental data on the self feed- 
ing of dairy cattle, the subject seems to warrant further investigation. 
Consequently, it was thought desirable to conduct some further experiments in 
this particular field of study, the results of which constitute the subject 
for the following report* 







ff« V 



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7 



III. EQUIPMENT 

A working drawing of the type of feeders used in this experiment is 
shown on the following page. The feeder was designed after a study was made 
of those used in previous experiments in the feeding of dairy cows, steers j 

I 

f 

and swine • | 

i 

The design of the feeder box proved very satisfactory in that the i 

cows could easily reach the feed and the waste was reduced to a minimum. The 
inlet from the hoppers to the feed box, an 8 inch opening, is large in comparison 
to other feeders, but it allowed a free passage of the consentrates and keeps 
a large supply in the feed box at all times. The cows did not mess over the 
feed and consequently this feature was desirable. 

The hoppers were designed to hold a weeks supply of each feed. 

However, in this trial the feed was weighed out and in each day. 

Hay and silage were fed in a box-like rack, with solid sides and back. 

The front was made solid to a height of 18 inches; above this it was slatted 

with an opening large enough for the cow to get her head thru. The top was 
left open. The dimensions of the hay and silage rack were 4' x 3' x 5'. 

The feeders and racks were placed along one side of the box stalls 
in which the cows were kept. The height from the floor in all cases, except 
one, was 12 inches to the bottom of the feeder. In the stall of Cow No. 290 
the bottom of the feeder was placed on a level with the floor. In this case 
straw was frequently found in the feed, and therefore the height of 12 inches 
was considered most desirable. Only once or twice during the entire experiment 

was there any difficulty experienced from the cows dropping feces, or tirinating 

in the feeder. 

The stalls were large and roomy in all cases except that of lot 2, 












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9 . 



IV. COWS USED km METHOD OF PROCEDURE. 

Preceding tables 1, 2, 3 and 4 will be found most of the data relating 
to each cow. A few additional points, however, are worth recording. 

Cow No. 274 was a rather inferior animal as to dairy tendency. She 
showed good feeding capacity and was strong in constitution and vigor. She 
had been milking with first calf for 374 days at the beginning of the experi- 
ment, at which time she was carrying a calf and was due to freshen on L!arch 
26, 1922, or five months after the beginning of the experiment. 

Cow No. 290 was a large Holstein heifer showing fair dairy tendency, 
and good capacity. She freshened 18 days before the beginning of the experiment. 

Cow No. 650 was taken from the experiment herd of the University. 

She was a grade Guernsey showing large size for the breed. She was in her 
second lactation period having aborted in the seventh month. 

Cow No. 649 was taken from the same herd as Cow No. 650. She was of 
small size but showed good dairy tendency. Her capacity was fair in comparison 
to size. This was her first lactation period and she had aborted in the seventh 
month of gestation. She gave the appearance of a high-grade Guernsey. 

All of the cows were taken directly from the regular herd care and 
rations, and placed on the self feeder. 

Cows Nos. 274, 290 and 650 were given a free choice of the following 
concentrates: 



Ground Corn 
Ground Oats 



Wheat Bran 
Oil Meal (O.P.) 



These feeds were fed in separate compartments of the self feeder. 

Cow No. 649 was given a previously mixed ration consisting of the following 

feeds and in the proportions stated: 

100 lbs. Ground Corn 200 lbs. Oil Meal 

200 “ " Oats 300 '* Wheat Bran 

100 lbs. Corn Gluten Meal 



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This was the basic ration for the cows on official test. 

As each cow entered the experiment she was started at practically the i 
same amount of grain she had been receiving in the herd previous to Entering 
the experiment. The separate feeds of cows Nos. 274, 290 and 650 were in- 
creased .4 of a pound per day except oil meal which was increased .2 of a 
pound per day. They were fed twice daily. This method was continued imtil | 

the cows reached their maximum consumption after which time the feed was weighed 
in and out once daily at approximately the same hour. The same general method 
was followed in the case of Cow No. 649 whose mixed ration was increased at 
the rate of 1 pound per day. 

The silage and hay ration was started high. Each cow was given 
practically all she wanted from the very first of the experiment. This is 
not true in the case of Cow No. 650 who from the start consumed an excessively 
large amovint of silage. In her case the silage was increased at the rate of 
2 pounds each two days vmtil she reached the limit of her consxanption. 

The feeds used were the same as the regular herd cows received. Both 
grain and roughage ranged from fair to good in quality. An effort was made 
to have feeds of good quality. 

The percentage of fat in each case was obtained from a 7-day com- 
posite sample. This sample was obtained by taking an aliquot, portion of the 
milk of each milking and preserving the same with a mercxa:ic chloride tablet 
until tested. 

At the beginning of the experiment each cow was v/eighed at approxi- 
mately the same time on three consecutive days, the average of these three 
daily weighings being taken as the weight at the beginning of the test. The 
aame procedure was practised at the close of the test. During each week the 
cow was imder observation, a single weighing was made at the close of the 
weekly feeding period. 










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V. RESULTS 



In tables Nos. I, II, III, and 
weekly data obtained from Cows Nos. 274, 
respectively* 



IV are presented the 
290, 649, and 650 



TABLE NO. I. 

Consumption of Grain and Roughage, 
Live Weight, Production of Milk, 
Percentage of Fat St Po\mds of Fat. 



12 . 



Cow No. 274, Lot No. I. 

Breed, Ayrshire 

Age at Beginning of Test, 4 years, 1 month, 4 days. 

Weight at Beginning of Test, 1107 pounds. 

Namiber of Weeks on Test, 26. 

Method of Feeding, Free Choice in Self Feeder. 

Feeds Used, Ground Corn, Wheat Bran, Alfalfa Hay, 
Groimd Oats, Oil Meal, Silage. 

Number of Days in Milk at Beginning of Test, 374. 

Calved on Test, March 6, 1922. 

Period Covered by Test, October 26, 1921- April 26, 1922. 



Week 




GRAIN (Lbs.) 




R0UGHAGE(Lbs.) 


WEIGHT 




MILK 




No. 


Corn 


Oats 


Bran 


OilMeal 


Total 


Silage Alfalfa 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


)5’at' 


^at 


; 1 


26.6 


26.6 


26.0 


10.0 


89.80 


143.2 


♦ 


♦ 


66.1 


4.0 


2.64 


2 


16.8 


30.3 


32.2 


10.7 


90.0 


145.6 


42.0 


* 


60.9 


4.2 


2.56 


3 


00.0 


43.7 


43.3 


8.3 


95.3 


195.1 


48.3 


* 


57.4 


4.4 


2.53 


4 


00.0 


24.2 


13.7 


6.1 


44.0 


184.1 


46.5 


1163 


49.7 


4.6 


2.29 


5 




52.3 


38.1 


2.33 


92.4 


175.9 


28.2 


1195 


52.5 


4.5 


2.39 


6 




59.6 


35.4 


7.3 


102.3 


181.2 


31.4 


1221 


53.7 


4.4 


2.36 


7 


12.0 


63.0 


32.3 


10.1 


117.4 


179.6 


38.4 


1237 


53.4 


4.4 


2.35 


8 


63.0 


39.0 


17.5 


6.8 


126.1 


172.9 


26.9 


1228 


51.4 


4.6 


2.36 


9 


71.1 


28.1 


6.0 


10.4 


115.6 


198.4 


44.2 


1242 


47.2 


4.5 


2.12 


10 


00.0 


48.5 


22.7 


7.4 


78.6 


209.6 


47.6 


1250 


42.9 


4.8 


2.06 


11 


00.0 


33.8 


37.4 


8.3 


79.5 


182.0 


47.2 


1260 


42.1 


4.9 


2.06 


12 


— 


34.1 


42.8 


6.2 


83.1 


189.0 


42.9 


1270 


39.4 


5.3 


2.09 


13 





39.4 


31.9 


2.3 


73.6 


170.0 


40.9 


1286 


32.4 


5.3 


1.72 


14 


40.4 


18.9 


20.2 


4.0 


83.5 


118.7 


41.8 


1258 


27.4 


5.7 


1.56 


15 


75.0 


16.8 


10.2 


3.8 


106.8 


136.4 


46.2 


1279 


4.1 






16 


53.0 


19.4 


8.8 


6.1 


87.3 


103.1 


47.3 


1310 


Dry 






17 


41.7 


13.8 


7.8 


6.4 


69.7 


134.9 


42.6 


1360 


It 






18 


34.3 


8.5 


14.3 


4.3 


61.4 


122.9 


38.1 


1341 


II 






19 


24.4 


10.2 


9.1 


1.3 


45.0 


109.5 


34.1 


1269 


It 






20 


48.3 


37.8 


23.2 


1.2 


110.5 


112.3 


42.8 


1269 


143.6 


5.1 


7.32 


21 


35.1 


38.7 


23.0 


3.3 


100.01 


95.7 


42.0 


1258 


223.7 


5.1 


11.3 


22 


38.3 


42.0 


25.5 


6.8 


112.6 


66.4 


48.0 


1247 


229.6 


5.0 


11.48 


23 


35.5 


45.9 


17.4 


6.1 


104.9 


90.2 


54.7 


1220 


228.2 


5.2 


11.87 


24 


25.5 


27.4 


22.4 


8.4 


85.7 


87.6 


47.3 


1233 


221.2 


5.0 


10.95 


25 


28.2 


34.9 


32.8 


5.7 


101.6 


124.9 


49.4 


1245 


214.5 


4.6 


9.76 


26 


44.9 


31. 6 


13.4 


5.6 


95.5 


103.5 


56.6 


1209 


224.8 


4.6 


10.34 



♦ Weight not taken. 



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13 . 



TABLE NO. II. 

Consvunption of Grain and Roughage, 
Live Weight, Production of Milk, 
Percentage of Fat & Pounds of Fat. 



Cow No. 290, Lot No. II. 

Breed, Holstein. 

Age at Beginning of Test, 2 years, 1 month, 22 days. 
Weight at Beginning of Test, 1195 pounds. 

Number of Weeks on Test, 20. 

Method of Feeding, Free Choice in Self Feeder. 

Feeds Used, Ground Corn, Wheat Bran, Alfalfa Hay, 

Ground Oats, Oil Meal, Silage. 
Nvimber of Days in Milk at Beginning of Test, 18 
Calved on Test, 

Period Covered by Test, December 14, 1921 - May 3, 1922. 



Week 




GRAIN (Lbs.) 




ROUGHAGE(Lbs.) 


LIVE 

WEIGHT 




MILK 


No. 


Corn 


Oats 


Bran 


OilMeal 


Total 


Silage 


Alfalfa 


Lbs. 


LDS. feF&t 


Wit 


1 


27.4 


27.4 


27.4 


13.30 


95.4 


208.3 


52.2 


1205 


167.2 


3.5 


5.85" 


2 


48,0 


27.1 


47.4 


17.0 


139.5 


169.5 


40.4 


1258 


142.9 


3.6 


5.14 r 


3 


48.2 


21.4 


56.0 


12.10 


138.3 


194.1 


37.5 


1250 


142.6 


3.5 


4.99 


4 


27.3 


52.4 


26.4 


21.0 


127.1 


208.3 


41.5 


* 


153.9 


3.4 


5.23 


5 


23.0 


56.7 


21.6 


18.2 


119.5 


200.4 


40.1 


1250 


155.6 


3.3 


5.13 


6 


7.9 


57.6 


47.7 


8.8 


122.0 


162.2 


44.4 


1262 


153.4 


3.5 


5.36 


7 


75.0 


13.4 


42.8 


13.6 


144.8 


202.2 


39.9 


1240 


167.5 


3.1 


6il9 


8 


48.7 


31.2 


48.6 


19.7 


148.2 


185.7 


42.8 


1270 


183.3 


3.0 


5.49 


9 


74.8 


32.6 


32.3 


14.7 


154.4 


150.4 


33.8 


1310 


181.4 


2.9 


5.26 


10 


77.6 


21.0 


43.5 


21.7 


163.8 


168.3 


32.2 


1321 


188.9] 


2.8 


5.28 


11 


57.6 


30.7 


43.7 


20.4 


152.4 


161.3 


41.4 


1263 


191.1 


3.4 


6.49 


12 


26.1 


22.3 


25.1 


11.8 


85.3 


158.6 


40.1 


1332 


185.8 


3.3 


6.06 


13 


19.0 


19.0 


19.0 


7.0 


64.0 


217.9 


54.8 


1270 


188.6 


3.2 


6.03 


14 


14.0 


14.0 


14.0 


7.0 


49.0 


243.0 


65.2 


1341 


190.0 


3.2 


6.10 


15 


14.0 


14.0 


14.0 


7.0 


49.0 


233.7 


69.0 


1316 


188.2 


3.2 


6.02 


16 


14.0 


14.0 


14.0 


7.0 


49.0 


228.0 


60.5 


1325 


186.3 


3.3 


6.14 


17 


24.5 


24.5 


24.5 


15.4 


88.9 


229.9 


50.8 


1353 


196.2 


3.4 


6.67 


18 


40.4 


38.9 


34,0 


28.8 


142.1 


230.1 


40.2 


1353 


198.4 


3.1 


6.10 


19 


13.6 


68.6 


26.6 


38.2 


147.0 


268.0 


32.5 


1365 


201.8 


3.2 


6.45 


20 


19.3 


53.1 


30.5 


54.8 


157.7 


277.8 


32.8 


1355 


205.1 


3.3 


6.76 



♦ Weight not taken. 




: - 

. 0 '’ ' 






r 




14 



TABLE NO. 



III. 



Consumption of Grain and Roughage, 
Live Weight, Production of Milk, 
Percentage of Fat & Pounds of Fat. 



Cow No. 650, Lot No. III. 

Breed, Grade Guernsey 

Age at Beginning of Test, 3 years, 11 months, 8 days. 
Weight at Beginning of Test, 1090 pounds. 

Number of Weeks on Test, 14 

Method of Feeding, Free Choice in Self Feeder. 

Feeds Used, Ground Corn, Wheat Bran, Alfalfa Hay 

Ground Oats, Oil Meal, Silage. 

Number of Days in Milk at Beginning of Test, 164 
Calved on Test, — 

Period Covered by Test, Feb. 8, 1922 - May 16, 1922. 



LIVE 

Week GRAIN (Lbs.) ROUGHAGE WEIGHT MILK 



No. 


Corn 


Oats 


Bran 


OilMeal 


Total 


Silage 


Hay 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


%Fat 


#at 


1 


28.0 


00.0 


24.8 


12.50 


65.3 


228.0 


68.9 


1107 


150.6 


4.6 


6.92 


2 


23.4 


00.2 


45.8 


21.00 


90.4 


276.0 


56.9 


1124 


144.1 


5.2 


7.49 


3 


5.0 


00.0 


78.0 


26.3 


109.3 


274.1 


40.9 


1120 


142.8 


4.8 


6.85 


4 


35.0 


3.4 


80.9 


5.1 


124.4 


231.7 


39.5 


1130 


131.4 


4.8 


6.31 


5 


41.5 


1H2 


86.4 


1.6 


140.7 


167.9 


48.4 


1090 


125.5 


4.8 


6.02 


6 


16.8 


32.5 


28.7 


32.3 


110.3 


185.9 


49.4 


1123 


120.2 


5.0 


6.01 


7 


00.1 


87.4 


15.0 


28.2 


130.7 


149.9 


51.6 


1135 


124.3 


4.6 


5.72 


8 


21.4 


19.7 


22.9 


65.9 


119.9 


175.5 


49.0 


1118 


122.5 


4.6 


5.64 


9 


64.3 


00.5 


2.4 


40.4 


107.6 


194.2 


50.5 


1142 


131.5 


4.5 


5.92 


10 


2.3 


2.0 


55.1 


44.6 


104.7 


207.0 


49.0 


1155 


128.7 


4.6 


5.92 


11 


0.5 


0.0 


63.9 


22.1 


86.5 


206.0 


51.0 


1155 


121.7 


4.8 


5.84 


12 


0.0 


0.0 


68.0 


30.4 


98.4 


210.0 


44.0 


1155 


119.7 


4.8 


5.75 


13 


73.2 


0.0 


43.5 


15.9 


132.6 


271.5 


57.5 


1159 


133.9 


4.6 


6.16 


14 


52.8 


0.0 


26.5 


6.9 


86.2 


238.5 


50.5 


1157 


117.0 


4.9 


5.73 



i 



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15 



TABLE NO. IV.- 

Consumption of Grain and Roughage, 
Live Weight, Produotion of Milk, 
Percentage of Fat & Pounds of Fat. 



Cow No. 649, Lot No. IV. 

Breed, Grade Guernsey 

Age at Beginning of Test, 2 years, 3 months, 17 days. 
T/Veight at Beginning of Test, 875 pounds. 

Number of Weeks on Test, 14 

Method of Feeding, Mixed Ration in Self Feeder . 

Feeds Used: Mixed Ration, Silage, Hay. 

Nxmiber of Days in Milk at Beginning of Test, 51. 
Calved on Test, 

Period Covered by Test, Feb. 8, 1922 - May 16, 1922. 



LIVE 

Week GRAIN ROUGHAGE WEIGHT MILK 



No. 


( Lbs . ) 


Silage 


Hay 


Lbs. 


Lbs . 


%Fa.t 


iPat 


1 


56.4 


163.7 


51.5 


879 


213.3 


4.4 


9.39 


2 


88.4 


101.3 


51.5 


883 


223.3 


4.3 


9.60 


3 


110.7 


122.1 


40.7 


875 


230.3 


4.0 


9.21 


4 


131.3 


83.5 


36.1 


892 


236.4 


4.3 


10.17 


5 


134.5 


55.3 


47.8 


880 


243.9 


4.2 


10.24 


6 


131.9 


47.6 


48.4 


923 . 


*244.4 


4.2 


lffi.26 


7 


140.1 


46.3 


51.2 


895 . 


239.4 


4.1 


9.82 


8 


110.8 


63.5 


49.0- 


905 


238.1 


4.2 


10.00 


9 


70.0 


96.5 


48.5 


888 


227.4 


4.2 


9.55 


10 


57.0 


138.0 


54.0 


890 


227.1 


4.4 


9.99 


11 


63.0 


172.0 


49.6 


910 


228.6 


4.1 


9.37 


12 


63.0 


196.0 


50.0 


915 


223.3 


4.1 


9.10 


13 


78.0 


196.0 


56.0 


923 


221.9 


3.9 


8.65 


14 


116.4 


177.0 


45.0 


920 


215.3 


3.9 


8.40 






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16 . 



A. The Effect of Self Feeding on Dairy Cows : 

During the experiment in which the, four cows were on trial for 
26, 20, 14 and 14 weeks respectively, the following points were noticeable. 

Throughout the entire experiment the cows remained in ideal 
physical condition. At the close of the experiment the cows had made the 
following gains in weight. 

Ref; Tables I, II, III, IV. 
Weight at beginning Weight at end 

Cow No. No. wks. on Experiment of Experiment of Experiment Gain 



274 


26 


1107 lbs. 


1209 lbs. 


102 


290 


20 


1195 


1355 


150 


650 


14 


1090 


1157 


67 


649 


14 


875 


920 


45 



Cow No. 274 which calved during the experiment made a gain of 
235 pounds prior to calving, or during the first 19 weeks of the trial. After 
calving she began to decrease in weight until the end of the experiment when 
she shov/ed a net gain of 102 lbs. All of the other cows under experiment 
showed relatively uniform gains throughout the feeding trial. 

Aside from the slight tendency to put on excess flesh, the cows 
were in ideal condition during the entire experiment. No digestive disturbances 
or apparent sickness on the part of any individual was noticed dioring the 
entire feeding trial. 

Cow No. 274 was the only one to freshen during the period covered 
by the experiment. She calved during the 19th week of the feeding trial. It 
was readily noticeable that she showed a reduced grain consumption for a few 
weeks prior to calving. This was especially to be observed the day prior to 
the day of and the day following calving. The birth of the calf, aside from the 
fact that the gestation period was reduced by twenty days, was apparently 
normal. The calf was small, weighing but 43 lbs. at birth. Fxirthermore, its 



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17. 

respiratory system did not function properly and death occurred in a relatively 
short time* There seemed no apparent connection between the fact that the cow 
had been self fed and the condition of the calf* 

B. The Palatability and Variation in Daily Consumption of Feed: (Paces 18.19. 

Tables V, VI, VII, and VIII show the maximum and minimiim daily 
consumption of feeds by weekly periods of CoviTs Nos. 274, 290, 650 and 649 
respectively* Fvirthermore, these tables may be used to compare the palatability 
of the feeds as consumed by the individual cows* 

From Table V it is evident that the most palatable feed to Cow 
No* 274 was corn* In the second week she consumed 13*6 pounds in one day* This 
excessive consumption caused her to go off feed* Again in the ninth week she 
went off feed after consuming 16*0 pounds in one day* In the fourteenth week 
she began to eat corn again after it had been removed from the feeder for two 
weeks* Again she ate neavily, but / occasion she did not exceed a maxi- 

mum consumption of 8 pounds in one day* From this time until the close of the 
trial she maintained a comparatively even consiamption of corn* The variation 
between the maximum and minimtim consumption of corn in a given week during 
the later part of the trial was low compared to that of the earlier periods* 

Oats proved to be second in palatability to this cow, and it will 
be noticed that when she was off feed on corn, she consumed more oats than any 
other single feed in the diet* Although she went off feed on corn for entire 
weekly periods, she never remained off feed on oats that length of time. 

Bran and oil meal were the least palatable of the concentrates* 

The consumption of either feed was not excessively high, and a gradual decline 
occurred vmtil the calving period in the nineteenth week* The constanption was 





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18 



TABLE NO. V. 

The Maximum and Minimum Daily Consumption 
of 

Feed in Weekly Periods 



Cow No. 274 Lot No. I. 



Week G.Corn G.Oats Bran Oil Meal Silage Hay 



No. 


Max. 


Min. 


Max. 


Min. 


Max. 


Min. 


Max. 


Min. 


Max. 


Min. 


Max. 


Min 


1 




2.8 




2.8 




2.8 




1.2 




28.1 


♦ 


* 


2 


13.6 


0.0 


8.4 


0.0 


9.6 


0.6 


2.8 


0.0 


24.5 


14.8 


9.7 


3.9 


3 


00.0 


0.0 


11.5 


0.0 


9.8 


2.0 


2.4 


0.3 


34.1 


22.7 


9.1 


4.0 


4 


00.0 


0.0 


5.2 


0.0 


4.7 


0.0 


1.7 


0.0 


37.8 


11.2 


9.3 


3.7 


5 


— 


— 


9.5 


5.2 


7.3 


4.2 


0.5 


0.1 


32.0 


14.7 


6.6 


0.8 


6 


— 


— 


11.0 


5.0 


6.8 


3.1 


1.4 


0.5 


29.4 


17.8 


6.7 


2.5 


7 


5.0 


— 


12.4 


7.0 


6.2 


3.0 


3.1 


0.4 


31.6 


16.5 


6.1 


4.6 


8 


12.0 


6.0 


8.1 


2.6 


6.4 


0.3 


1.6 


0.3 


29.6 


14.2 


4.8 


1.7 


9 


16.0 


0.0 


7.2 


0.4 


3.3 


0.0 


2.3 


0.6 


31.5 


23.0 


7.0 


5.6 


10 


0.0 


0.0 


10.8 


4.0 


5.5 


1.6 


1.8 


0.4 


32.0 


25.8 


7.9 


5.6 


11 


0.0 


0.0 


6.6 


4.0 


7.5 


3.0 


1.5 


0.7 


29.5 


23.2 


7.3 


6.3 


12 


— 


— 


9.1 


1.7 


12.8 


2.6 


1.6 


0.3 


31.4 


19.1 


7.5 


4.2 


13 


— 


— 


9.8 


2.5 


9.4 


1.6 


0.8 


0.0 


31.6 


16.3 


7.1 


4.4 


14 


2.4 


8.7 


5.6 


0.0 


5.3 


0.2 


2.1 


0.0 


24.6 


8.6 


7.5 


2.6 


15 


13.7 


8.5 


4.6 


0.7 


2.5 


0.2 


1.2 


0.2 


25.6 


13.6 


7.7 


4.9 


16 


12.8 


4.6 


5.5 


1.2 


1.9 


0.9 


1.8 


0.4 


17.9 


11.4 


7.5 


5.5 


17 


8.8 


3.5 


2.7 


1.4 


1.6 


0.8 


1.4 


0.4 


22.7 


11.6 


7.0 


2.7 


18 


6.7 


2.9 


2.5 


0.5 


4.0 


0.4 


0.9 


0.4 


25.4 


8.6 


6 .6 


4.1 


19 


4.9 


1.5 


2.8 


1.0 


2.6 


0.6 


0.5 


0.0 


23.6 


6.9 


7.5 


2.7 


20 


9.8 


3.6 


6.9 


3.8 


4.0 


2.1 


0.6 


0.0 


21.8 


11.0 


7.3 


4.1 


21 


7.1 


3.6 


7.0 


4.5 


6.3 


0.8 


0.6 


0.3 


17.6 


11.5 


7.5 


4.3 


22 


,7.9 


4.5 


7.6 


3.7 


5.6 


1.8 


1.3 


0.3 


17.8 


1.7 


8.0 


4.0 


23 


7.0 


3.0 


9.4 


3.5 


4.0 


1.6 


1.4 


0.3 


17.7 


8.2 


8.0 


7.0 


24 


4.9 


1.0 


7.6 


1.3 


5.4 


1.8 


2.7 


0.3 


20.7 


6.2 


8.0 


5.0 


25 


9.5 


0.9 


8.0 


2.1 


8.0 


2.2 


1.5 


0.2 


20.2 


15.5 


7.8 


4.6 


26 


8.7 


4.8 


6.5 


1.5 


3.5 


0.3 


1.7 


0.2 


20.9 


9.9 


8.8 


7.3 



♦ Feed not weighed 
— No feed given 









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TABLE NO. VI. 

The Maximum and Minimum Daily Consumption 

of 

Feed in Weekly Periods 







Cow 


No. 290 












Lot 


No. II 


• 


Week 

No. 


G. 

Max. 


Corn 

Min. 


G.Oats 
Max. Min. 


Bran 

Max . Min . 


Oil Meal 
Max. Min. 


Silage 
Max . Min . 


Alfalfa 
Max. Min< 


1 


5.2 


1.2 


5.2 


1.2 


5.2 


1.2 


2.4 


1.4 


32.0 


28.0 


8.0 


6.0 


2 


8.0 


5.8 


7.5 


3.0 


7.8 


5.8 


3.3 


1.7 


28.0 


18.6 


7.4 


3.8 


3 


9.3 


1.0 


8.9 


0.8 


9.0 


4.6 


3.8 


0.5 


32.9 


23.2 


6.9 


4.7 


4 


6.2 


1.0 


12.8 


1.7 


10.3 


1.7 


4.7 


1.1 


32.6 


21.7 


7.3 


4.8 


5 


6.0 


0.3 


13.6 


3.3 


6.1 


0.5 


4.2 


0.5 


34.8 


16.9 


7.9 


4.3 


6 


2.4 


0.0 


17.7 


0.0 


10.3 


2.2 


2.5 


0.2 


33.2 


5.8* 


8.2 


4.9 


7 


15.7 


2.2 


9.7 


0.0 


8.4 


3.2 


3.2 


0.9 


32.2 


22.7 


7.1 


2.0 


8 


11.7 


3.1 


6.8 


0.0 


9.4 


4.6 


4.5 


0.9 


32.3 


19.7 


7.7 


2.6 


9 


13.6 


6.7 


6.2 


2.3 


5.6 


3.5 


2.9 


1.0 


30.3 


14.3 


7.3 


2.2 


10 


14.4 


6.7 


4.2 


1.1 


9.1 


4.9 


5.7 


1.5 


30.0 


20.0 


6.3 


3.3 


11 


10.1 


7.0 


7.5 


1.3 


10.7 


4.4 


3.9 


2.3 


30.4 


19.5 


7.7 


3.2 


12 


5.9 


2.5 


3.9 


2.5 


5.9 


2.5 


2.9 


1.0 


30.7 


16.4 


7.0 


3.9 


13 


3.0 


2.0 


3.0 


2.0 


3.0 


2.0 


1.0 


1.0 


35.0 


19.3 


8.5 


6.5 


14 


2.0 


2.0 


2.0 


2.0 


2.0 


2.0 


1.0 


1.0 


35.0 


35.0 


10.0 


7.2 


15 


2.0 


2.0 


2.0 


2.0 


2.0 


2.0 


1.0 


1.0 


35.0 


29.4 


10.0 


9.3 


16 


2.0 


2.0 


2.0 


2.0 


2.0 


2.0 


1.0 


1.0 


33.8 


28.9 


9.1 


7.9 


17 


5.0 


2.0 


5.0 


2.0 


5.0 


2.0 


3.4 


1.0 


35.0 


30.4 


8.7 


4.9 


18 


7.5 


1.3 


7.0 


2.9 


6.5 


1.6 


5.0 


2.8 


35.0 


28.3 


8.0 


4.0 


19 


5.9 


0.4 


15.8 


3.0 


6.8 


2.5 


7.2 


3.5 


42.9 


34.2 


7.3 


2.8 


20 


9.4 


0.4 


14.5 


4.0 


11.5 


0.7 


11.4 


2.6 


42.0 


36.5 


6.0 


3.6 



♦ Silage frozen. 






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20 



TABLE NO. VII. 



The Maximvun and Minimum Daily Consumption 

of 

Feed in Weekly Periods 



Cow No. 650 



Lot No. Ill 



Week G.Corn G.Oats Bran 



No. 


Max. 


Min. 


Max. 


Min. 


Max. 


Min 


1 


5.2 


2.8 


0.0 


0.0 


5.2 


0.0 


2 


5.6 


1.0 


0.2 


0.0 


8.0 


5.6 


3 


3.1 


0.0 


0.0 


0.0 


12.6 


9.0 


4 


12.5 


0.0 


3.4 


0.0 


13.7 


9.0 


5 


9.4 


3.1 


5.0 


0.0 


14.5 


4.5 


6 


7.9 


0.2 


9.7 


0.0 


8.7 


0.0 


7 


0.1 


0.0 


19.0 


0.0 


6.5 


0.0 


8 


4.8 


0.3 


6.5 


0.0 


7.5 


1.3 


9 


12.5 


3.0 


0.5 


0.0 


1.4 


0.0 


10 


2.3 


0.0 


2.0 


0.0 


11.5 


3.8 


11 


0.5 


0.0 


0.0 


0.0 


14.0 


4.6 


12 


0.0 


0.0 


0.0 


0.0 


12.0 


6.5 


13 


14.0 


4.0 


0.0 


0.0 


8.0 


2.5 


14 


13.0 


0.0 


0.0 


0.0 


7.0 


0.0 



Oil Meal 


Silage 


Alfalfa 


Max. 


Min. 


Max. 


Min. 


Mgix. 


Min 


2.4 


1.1 


36.0 


30.0 


12.0 


7.5 


4.0 


2.6 


42.0 


36.0 


11.0 


5.0 


6.1 


0.6 


46.0 


25.0 


7.4 


5.0 


2.8 


0.0 


38.0 


26.0 


7.5 


4.1 


1.0 


0.0 


31.0 


17.0 


7.7 


6.4 


6.0 


3.6 


29.0 


24.6 


7.7 


4.7 


6.3 


2.1 


28.0 


14.0 


8.0 


6.5 


8.6 


7.3 


27.0 


22.0 


7.5 


6.5 


8.5 


3.2 


30.0 


25.5 


7.5 


2.5 


8.7 


4.5 


30.0 


28.0 


7.5 


5.8 


5.8 


0.0 


30.0 


26.0 


8.0 


6.5 


6.0 


2.7 


30.0 


30.0 


8.0 


3.5 


5.5 


0.5 


50.0 


30.0 


9.0 


7.0 


2.5 


0.0 


50.0 


16.0 


9.0 


5.5 



TABLE NO. VIII 



The Maximum and Minimum Daily Consumption 

of 

Feed in Weekly Periods 



Cow No. 649 



Lot No. IV. 



Week 

No. 


Mixed 

Max. 


Ration 

Min. 


1 


10.0 


4.5 


2 


15.5 


10.7 


3 


20.0 


12.5 


4 


22.0 


16.0 


5 


23.0 


11.7 


6 


21.0 


15.2 


7 


23.0 


17.3 


8 


16.8 


14.0 


9 


13.0 


7.0 


10 


9.0 


7.0 


11 


9.0 


9.0 


12 


9.0 


9.0 


13 


14.0 


9.0 


14 


19.5 


13.4 



Silage Alfalfa 



Max. 


Min. 


Max. 


Min. 


28.6 


17.5 


9.9 


5.8 


21.4 


6.5 


8.2 


6.0 


23.0 


14.2 


7.3 


4.7 


18.0 


6.0 


6.0 


2.5 


14.0 


4.5 


7.7 


6.0 


10.5 


2.5 


7.5 


4.5 


9.3 


5.0 


7.7 


6.5 


14.0 


4.0 


7.5 


6.0 


15.0 


11.5 


8.0 


6.0 


20.0 


18.0 


8.0 


7.5 


28.0 


19.0 


8.0 


5.8 


28.0 


28.0 


8.0 


4.5 


28.0 


28.0 


8.0 


8.0 


28.0 


17.0 


8.0 


4.5 



22 . 

very low at this period but afterwards she increased to a maximum consvunption 
slightly lower than that maintained during the first part of the experiment* 

The variation in oonsxjmption is also markedly noticed with these feeds, but con- 
sumption is more uniform than in the case of corn or oats* 

The roughage consvimed by Cow No* 274 was fairly uniform in amount with 
gradual decline in the consiimption of silage towards the end of the experiment* 
The variation between the maximum and minimum consumption was marked toward the 
last of the experiment in the case of silage, while with alfalfa the variation at 
this period was the lowest of any time during the trial * 

In the case of Cow No* 290 as shown by Table VI, no very decided likes 
and dislikes were shown* After the tenth week the feed was reduced to that 
necessary to maintain live weight and production, and from the thirteenth week 
on she was fed this ration vintil the seventeenth to the nineteenth week when she 
was gradually put on the self feeder again* Until the eleventh week she showed 
comparatively equal preference for corn and oats. It is noticed that during 
the period of heavy consumption of oats she was lowest in consumption of corn* 
With bran and oil meal she maintained a fairly even maximum con- 
sumption* She ate relatively large amounts of oil meal during the first part 
of the experiment. Attention is called to the maximum consxmiption of 11*4 lbs* 
oil meal in the twentieth week after being placed on the self feeder the second 
time* The variation between the maximvuu and minimum consumption of the particulai 
feed is wide, but not as marked as it is in the case of Cow No* 274. The fact 
that she did not consume enough of any one feed to make her go off feed for more 
than a day or so in any particular period stands out strikingly in contrast to 
the way No* 274 went off feed on corn. 

Silage and alfalfa show more uniformity in variation between the 
maximum daily consumption by weekly periods and also the variation in the 










j O. 





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23 



consumption of each feed during a weekly period is not as great in proportion 
as in the case of concentrates. 

In presenting Table VII on the results of Cow No. 650, attention is 
called to her unusual consumption of feed. In this instance oil meal and bran 
were the most palatable of feeds, with corn thifd and oats last of the concen- 
trates. At all times during the trial, except in the third, fourth, and four- 
teenth weeks the relatively high consxmiption of oil meal stands out as the 
most important featixre. The consumption on the eighth week was from 7.8^ to 8.6^ 
daily, for the entire week. T/ith bran she consumed excessive amounts during two 
periods of three weeks each, one towards the beginning of ths trial and one near 
the end of the trial. The variation between days is again great, the least 
being shoivn in the first period of excessive consumption of bran. The Cow 
shows fovir weeks at intervals in v/hich the maximum consumption was extremely 
high. The variation was great in all cases and attention is called to the 
number of days when the minimxmi consumption was 0.0 pounds. 

Oats offers a peculiar study in the number of weeks she did not con- 
sxane any, and the one day in the seventh week in which the maximum consumption 
was 19.0 pounds. 

Silage and alfalfa show a striking comparison by the regularity with 
which they were consumed. The variation is not great in either maximum con- 
svunption by weeks or between the maximum and minimum of daily consxmiption 
within the weekly periods. 

Cow No. 649 as appears in Table VIII xvas fed a mixed ration. She was 
on the self feeder until the beginning of the ninth week at which time her 
ration reduced to an sunoxmt sufficient to supply body and production require- 
ments only. She was fed this ration until the beginning of the thirteenth week 
when she was gradually built up, and reached full feed in the fourteenth week. 









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24 . 



Here attention is called to the evenness of maximum and minimum con- 
sumption during each week. The silage shows a gradual decline from the begin- 
ning until the time she was placed on a fixed ration. The consumption of hay 
shows remarkable regularity during the entire period. 

In conclusion the most striking feature was the difference shown by 
the individual cows in regard to palatability of feeds . The following table 
rates the feeds according to the amount of consumption for each cow given free 
choice. 



Cow No. 274 
'' '• 290 

” " 650 



Corn Oats Bran Oil Meal 
5” 3 3* 

1 1* 2 Z* 

3 4 12 

* not a real preference shown 
between the two feeds. 

The second outstanding feature was the wide variation in the maximum 

and minimtim daily consumption within weekly periods. Third, the uniform con- 

smption of silage and hay during the entire feeding trial of each cow. 

C. A domparison between the Net Energy in the Feeds Consimied and that 
Required for Maintenance and Milk Production ; (pages 25, 26, 27, 28) 

Tables IX, X, XI, and XII shov; a comparison between the energy in the 
feed consumed and that required for milk production and body maintenance for 
the cows Nos. 274, 290, 250 and 249 respectively. As will be noted this com- 
parison is made on the basis of therms of net energy. 

The results of the test carried on with Cow No. 274 and presented in 

Table No. IX, offer an interesting study. It will be remembered that this cow 

was placed on the self feeder five months before freshening and was kept xmder 

observation for seven weeks thereafter. For comparison, the trial will be 

divided into three periods for discussion. These are as follows; 

1st Period - 3 to 14 weeks, inclusive 
2nd " - 15 to 20 " ” 

3rd '• - 21 " 26 " " 



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TABLE NO. IX 

Net Energy Requirement 
For 

Production of Milk and Body Maintenance 
Compared to 

The Net Energy of Peed Consumed 



Cow 


No. 274 




(Ref. 


(Expressed 

Bibli.l4) 


in Therms) 




Week 

No. 


Requirement 

Body 
Milk Main. 


Total 


Feed 

Consxjmed 


Deficient 


Exceds 


1 


17.847 


44.87 


62.717 


102.12 




39.40 


2 


16.930 


44.87 


61.800 


99.61 




37.81 


3 


16.416 


47.25 


63.666 


107.40 




43.73 


4 


14.711 


47.25 


61.961 


72.22 




10.26 


5 


15.225 


47.25 


62.475 


95.21 




32.73 


6 


15.358 


47.25 


62.608 


105.07 




43.46 


7 


15.272 


48.44 


63.712 


121,06 




57.35 


8 


15.214 


48.44 


63.654 


134.53 




70.88 


9 


13.688 


48.44 


62.128 


141.47 




79.34 


10 


13.213 


48.44 


61.653 


101.00 




39.35 


11 


13.219 


49.14 


62.359 


95.13 




32.77 


12 


13.080 


49.14 


62.220 


95.96 




33.74 


13 


10.757 


49.14 


59.897 


87.23 




77.33 


14 


9.453 


49.14 


58.593 


96.23 




37.64 


15 


Dry 


50.61 


50.61 


124.50 




73.89 


16 


It 


50,61 


50.61 


103.04 




52.43 


17 


II 


50.61 


50.61 


92.35 




41.74 


18 


II 


50.61 


50.61 


80.30 




29.69 


19 


It 


49.00 


49.00 


64.11 




15.11 


20 


46.5264 49.00 


95.5264 


114.47 




18.94 


21 


71.584 


49.00 


120.584 


102.15 


18.43 




22 


73.472 


49.00 


122.472 


109.06 


13.41 




23 


74.849 


46.09 


120.939 


110.34 


10.6 




24 


70.784 


46.09 


116.874 


91.75 


25.12 




25 


63.492 


46.09 


109.582 


107.91 


1.67 




26 


66.541 


46.09 


112.631 


109.29 


3.34 





TABLE NO. X 

Net Energy Requirement 
For 

Production of Milk and Body Maintenance 
Compared to 

The Net Energy of Feed Consumed 
(Expressed in Therms) 



Cow No. 290 Lot No. II. 

(Ref.Bibli.14) 



ek No. 


Req 

miT"TJo3 


uirement 
y Main. 


TotaT Feed 


Consvuned 


Deficient 


Excess 


1 


41.128 


48.44 


88.568 


120.27 




31.70 


2 


35.153 


48.44 


83.593 


142 




58.52 


3 


34.224 


48.44 


82.664 


141.86 




59.20 


4 


36.0126 


48.44 


84.4526 


139.74 




55.29 


5 


35.4768 


48.86 


84.3368 


132.05 




47.70 


6 


36.816 


48.86 


85.676 


120.04 




34.36 


7 


36.180 


48.86 


85.040 


156.60 




71.46 


8 


38.493 


48.86 


87.353 


151.96 




64.61 


9 


37.3684 


50.19 


87.5584 


154.38 




66.82 


10 


38.157 


50.19 


88.347 


163.5 




75.15 


11 


44.717 


50.19 


94.907 


153.22 




58.31 


12 


42.3624 


50.19 


92.5524 


101.07 




8.52 


13 


41.8692 


50.40 


92.2692 


99.48 




7.21 


14 


42.3798 


50.40 


92.7798 


96.53 




3.75 


15 


41.7804 


50.40 


92.1804 


96.36 




4.18 


16 


42.4764 


50.40 


92.8764 


92.54 


0.34 




17 


45.9108 


51.52 


97.4308 


119.00 




21.57 


18 


42.8544 


51.52 


94.3744 


156.27 




61.90 


19 


44.7996 


51.52 


96.3196 


157.20 




60.88 


20 


46.7628 


51.52 


98.2828 


168.97 




70.69 



' -.I . 





29. 

The first two weeks are not considered since they were used, as heretofore 
stated, for getting the cow accustomed to the self feeder. 

It will be noticed that during this first period she consigned an 
excess of feed above the requirement. This variation is noted by the fact 
that the lowest consumption was 10.26 therms and the highest was 79.34 therms 
over that required. In other words she consumed from 1.17 to 2.26 times as 
much feed as was necessary. The milk production declined uniformly during 
this period and there was apparently no correlation between the consxmiption of 
feed and milk production. There was a continued increase in body weight as 
evidenced by the average weight as determined by fotir week intervals. 

During the second period there was a steady decline in excess con- 
sumption until calving. The excess in consumption during the 19th week, or 
the week in which she calved, was 15.11 therms which is only in slight excess 
of the requirement. 

The third period, or the period after calving, offers an interesting 
contrast to tb proceeding periods. It will be noted that the feed consumption 
was high during this portion of the experiment as compared to the second period 
and about even with the average consiimption for the first period. Regardless 
of the consumption, she was not eating enough to fullfil the requirement for 
body maintenance and milk production. It is evident that she was using the 
body tissues to meet this deficit. During the last two weeks of this period 
she was only slightly deficient in the amount of food consumed. 

In the trial of Cow No. 290, results presented in Table X, the test 
will be divided into three periods. 

1st Period - 2 to 10 weeks, inclusive, ©n self feeder. 

2nd " - 12 " 16 " " Feed according to requirement. 

3rd " - 18 " 20 " " On self feeder. 

The weeks not mentioned are not considered as they were used in 




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30. 

changing from one method to the other. 

In the first period, the excess in consumption was relatively viniform 
with the exception of the 5th and 6th week. During this period the variation 
was 34.36 to 75.15 therms, but the general trend was nearer to high consump- 
tion or above 55.2 therms which was tne lowest consvimption excepting the 
5th and 6th weeks as mentioned above. The production of milk was uniform 
except when the cow was placed on foiu* times a day milk which tended to produce 
a higher average production. 

During the 2nd period it will be noticed that the ration received was 
only slightly in excess of the requirement. Regardless of this decrease in 
the amoiant of grain oonsiimed, the milk production was not reduced. 

In the 3rd period wnen the cow was again on the self feeder, she 
repeated the results obtained during the first period by consviming a large 
excess of grain. In this case the milk production made a slight increase, 
but this was by no means enough to compensate for the increase in feed con- 
svuaption. During this period she consimied from 60.88 therms to 70.69 therms 
more than required, or 1.65 to 1.72 times as much feed as was necessary. 

Gov/ No. 650 was maintained on the self feeder through the entire 
trial. She consumed feed in excess of the requirement during the entire 
period. The excess ranged from 20.43 to 79.42 therms. Except in a few 
instances for short periods, te cons\miption in excess of requirements is re- 
latively uniform. During the two weeks of themaocimxim and minimvun excess 
consumption she ate from 1.24 to 1.92 times as much feed as she required. 

There was no apparent increase in production when this cow was placed on the 
self feeder over tbs production prior to entering the experiment, although at 
that time she was fed according to requirements. 



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31. 

The feeding trial in the case of Cow No. 649 is divided into three 
periods as follows: 

1st period - 2 to 8 weeks, inclusive. On self Feeder. 

End " 9 " 12 " " On ration to meet requirement. 

3r " 13 " 14 " " On self feeder. 

This cow received a mixed ration (ref. Part IV) which did not enable 
her to choose particular feeds. The first period showed a very imiform excess 
consumption except in the case of the 8th week. During this week she con- 
sumed the minimum excess. It was only 1.20 times the amount she required. 

During the End period tne cow was not receiving enough feed for the 
requirement. This was due to the fact that she woxald not consvime as large 
an amovint of nay and silage as was anticipated. However, it is interesting 
to note thathar body weight did not decrease during this period. It will 
be noted that during the second period when she did not receive enough feed 
to meet the requirement, that the milk production dropped slightly, and the 
fat per cent remained relatively the same. 

In the third period which was very short she again consumed an 
excess of grain. The fat percentage decreased slightly and the poxinds of 
milk increased to the amo\mt produced in the first period. 

In conclusion, it is evident that after a cow in advanced lactation 
has received a ration sxifficient to meet her requirements, an excess con- 
sumption of feed does not increase milk production. 

In general, the results obtained indicate that self feeding with 
free choice of concentrates, at least with low levels of production, is 
uneconomical. Self feeding a single mixed concentrate seemed to be somewhat 
more economical though the data are too limited to draw definite conclusions 
on this point. 




IV 

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32. 

VI . CONCLUSION 

1. Dairy cows may be fed by means of a self feeder with continued 
access to both concentrates and roughage without apparent harmful effects 
upon the animal. 

2. The amount of feed a cow will consume when self fed is greatly in 
excess of that necessary to supply energy for maintenance and production, 
at least for lower levels of production. 

3. Cows when given free access to concentrates vary greatly from day 
to day in total consiomption. This is also even more noticeable in the case 
of individual feeds. 

4. The appetites of individual cows differ widely as was evidenced by 
the daily consumption of the different concentrates. This variation was 
dspecially noticeable during the first few weeks the cows were under 
observation. 

5. Excessive amounts of feed consumed above requirements in the case 
of the cows under experiment did not serve to induce increased milk 
production. 




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BIBLIOGRAPHY 


1. 


Drury, F.E., 1917. 

The Evolution of the Self Feeder for Svine 
Breeders Gazette, March 1, Vol. LXXI. 


2. 


Eward, J.M. 

Is the Appetite of Swine a Reliable Indication of Physiological Need 
Proo. of Iowa Acad. of Soi., Vol .22 


3. 


Mumford and Allison, 1909. 

Short Fed Steers, A comparison of Methods of Feeding. 
Univ. of 111., Agr. Exp.Sta., Bulletin No. 142. 


4. 


Mumford, H.W., 1908. 

Beef Production, 5th Edition, P.155. 
Pub .by the Author, Urbana, 111. 


5. 


Winchester, H.B., 1918. 

Self Feeders for Cattle, 

Breeder's Gazette, Oct. s, Vol. LXXIV 


6. 


Inboden, J., '1920 
A Winter's Feeding Experience, 
Breeder's Gazette, Vol. -LXXVfl 


7. 


Mvunford, F.B., 1894-1895 
Fattening Lambs. 

Mich. State Agr. Col. Exp.Sta., Bulletins 113 and 128. 


8. 


Shaw, Thomas, 1895 
Fattening Lambs in Winter, 

Univ. of Minn. Ag. Exp.Sta., Bulletin 44. 


9. 


Mumford, Trowbridge, & Hakeder, 1913 
Ratlins for Fattening Western Yearling Sheep. 
Univ. of Mo., Ag. Exp. Sta., Bulletin 115. 


10. 


McCandlish, 1919 

Appetite as a Guide in Feeding Dairy Calves, 
Iowa Research Bulletin No. 51 


11. 


Nevens, W.B., 1919. Self Feeder for Dairy Calves, 
Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 2, p.435-443 


12. 


Hulce, R., 1917-1918 

Preservation and Cost of Raising Dairy Heifer Calves 
Nebraska State Dairymen's Report, P. 49 


13. 


Hunt, R.C., 1917-1918, 

Self Feeders for Dairy Cows. 

Virginia Poly. Inst. Agr. Exp. Report, P.50. 










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BIBLIOGRAPHY (con'd) 

14. Armsby, 1917 

Feeding Standards 

Dairy Cattle Feeding & Management, by Larson & Putney 
I Edition, Pub. J. Wiley & Sons, Pages 44, 45, 46, and 434. 





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